Table 1 Autophagy induction (% of control) by hochuekkito (HET) and its active ingredients in vitro.
Test substance | Low concentration | High concentration | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration | Induction (%) | P value | Concentration | Induction (%) | P value | |
HET | 100 μg/mL | 103.5 ± 5.1 | 0.9208 | 500 μg/mL | 133.5 ± 3.2 | <0.001 |
Calycosin (astragalus root) | 5 μmol/L | 163.6 ± 6.3 | <0.001 | 25 μmol/L | 188.7 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
Formononetin (astragalus root) | 5 μmol/L | 113.5 ± 3.9 | 0.1118 | 25 μmol/L | 142.9 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
6-gingerol (ginger) | 5 μmol/L | 108.3 ± 4.8 | 0.3762 | 25 μmol/L | 136.1 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
8-gingerol (ginger) | 5 μmol/L | 109.4 ± 4.6 | 0.2816 | 25 μmol/L | 162.8 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
Oleanolic acid (jujube) | 5 μmol/L | 116.2 ± 1.7 | <0.001 | 25 μmol/L | 130.8 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
Betulonic acid (jujube) | 5 μmol/L | 157.4 ± 3.1 | <0.001 | 25 μmol/L | 146.8 ± 2.2 | <0.01a |
Oleanonic acid (jujube) | 5 μmol/L | 116.2 ± 11.0 | 0.2609 | 25 μmol/L | 165.3 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
Maslinic acid (jujube) | 5 μmol/L | 138.7 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 25 μmol/L | 133.3 ± 1.2 | <0.001a |
Compound K (ginseng) | 5 μmol/L | 105.1 ± 4.5 | 0.6153 | 25 μmol/L | 145.2 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
