Fig. 4: Fecal metabolomics for quantification of metabolites in the miscarriage and control groups.

a PCA and OPLS-DA score plots for differentiating the metabolites in each group. b The corresponding permutation test (200 times) for the OPLS-DA model. c Volcano plot showing the differentially accumulated metabolites in the miscarriage (Mis) and control (Con) groups. Red dots indicate the metabolites upregulated in the miscarriage group, and blue dots indicate the metabolites down-regulated in the miscarriage group. d Enriched KEGG pathways in the miscarriage group compared with the control group.