Fig. 2: iAMF and ciprofloxacin are synergistic in reducing P. aeruginosa biofilm.

a The general treatment scheme for combining iAMF and antibiotics. b–d Bacterial log reduction over a 24-h period for PAO1 biofilm upon treatment with iAMF heating alone (blue dotted line), ciprofloxacin at 0.5 μg mL⁻¹ alone (black solid line) or iAMF + ciprofloxacin (blue solid line) at different peak temperatures T_max of b 80 °C, c 65 °C, or d 50 °C. The number of exposures was varied for each case as shown in the panels. Untreated controls (black dotted line) were not exposed to antibiotics or AMF. Colony-forming units (CFU) were counted at 0, 12 h (pre- and post-AMF), and 24 h post treatment. n = 3. Error bars indicate SD. CFU limit of detection (LOD) = 0.78 log(CFU cm⁻²). Two-way ANOVA. Significance: not significant (ns) and significance at p < 0.0001 (****).