Fig. 7: iAMF can rescue MDR pathogens depending on the mechanism of resistance.

MDR P. aeruginosa (MB699) biofilm was treated with meropenem (MIC 64 μg mL⁻¹) or ciprofloxacin (MIC 64 μg mL⁻¹) with or without iAMF (dosed at 0 and 24 h, N_exp = 12, T_max = 65 °C, Δt_exp = 5 min) while incubating with antibiotic for 48 h. a Proposed mechanism for sensitization of antibiotic-resistant biofilm to meropenem by AMF. b Treatment time course with meropenem (left) or ciprofloxacin (right) at 64 μg mL⁻¹. Colony-forming units (CFU) were counted at time points of 0, 24, and 48 h. c Log reduction of antibiotic-resistant biofilm at different concentrations of ciprofloxacin or meropenem at 48 h post start of treatment. n = 3. Error bars indicate SD. CFU limit of detection (LOD) = 0.78 log(CFU cm⁻²). Two-way ANOVA. Statistical significance: not significant (ns), p = 0.001 (**), and p < 0.0001 (****).