Fig. 2: Differentially abundant taxa by village of residence and socioeconomic status.

a, b Volcano plots showing differentially abundant s-OTUs as detected by ANCOM (partially adjusted model (a) and the fully adjusted model (b). The x-axis represents the difference in mean centered log ratio (clr)-transformed abundance between groups and the y-axis represents the ANCOM W Statistic. s-OTU points are colored by level of ANCOM significance, with 0.9 being the highest level; s-OTUs in gray were not significant. c–m Boxplots of clr-transformed abundance for s-OTUs detected by ANCOM at the highest level (0.9) in association to the village of residence and socioeconomic status. The relative abundance of Prevotella copri, Dialister, Eubacterium biforme, Oscillospira, and Sutterella was increased in village C compared to villages A and B, while Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Alistipes putredinis, Alistipes onderdonkii, Clostridium, and Ruminococcus were depleted. In the boxplots (panels c–m), the centre line represents the median, the lower bound of the box represents the 25th percentile, the upper bound of the box represents the 75th percentile, the lowest point of the lower whisker represents the minimum value and the highest point of the upper whisker represents the maximum value. Within the study population, villages A and B represent the intermediate/high SES villages, while village C represents the lower SES village. The sample size in each village was 47, 59, and 70, respectively.