Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study participants by village of residence.

From: Socioeconomic disparities and household crowding in association with the fecal microbiome of school-age children

 

Village A N = 47

Village B N = 59

Village C N = 70

p-value

Age, years, mean (SD)

8.6 (0.6)

7.2 (0.6)

7.5 (0.8)

<0.001d

Sex, females, N (%)

19 (40.4%)

21 (35.6%)

31 (44.3%)

0.604

Household crowding indexa, mean (SD)

1.3 (0.5)

1.6 (0.7)

2.5 (1.3)

<0.001e

Household incomeb, N (%)

   

<0.001f

 Above average

10 (28.6%)

5 (8.8%)

2 (2.9%)

 

 Average

11 (31.4%)

17 (29.8%)

19 (27.5%)

 

 Below average

4 (11.4%)

18 (31.6%)

11 (15.9%)

 

 Much below average

10 (28.6%)

17 (29.8%)

37 (53.6%)

 

Number of siblings, median (IQR)

3 (2)

2 (1.5)

4 (3)

<0.001g

Father’s schooling years, mean (SD)

11.8 (3.7)

10.6 (3)

8.6 (3.3)

<0.001h

Mother’s schooling years, mean (SD)

11.7 (3.7)

10.7 (3.4)

6.5 (3.8)

<0.001i

BMIZ scorec, mean (SD)

0.37 (1.0)

0.02 (1.1)

0.82 (0.9)

<0.001j

Breastfeeding, yes, N (%)

45 (95.7%)

57 (96.6%)

61 (87.1%)

0.08

Age (months) of introducing solid foods, mean (SD)

6.1 (2.9)

5.9 (2.9)

5.8 (2.6)

0.827

Daycare center in early life, N (%)

11 (23.4%)

10 (17.0%)

13 (18.6%)

0.697

  1. BMIZ body mass index Z score, IQR interquartile range, SD standard deviation.
  2. aHousehold crowding: Number of people living in the household/Number of rooms in the household.
  3. bHousehold income: Household income as compared to the national average.
  4. cParticipants missing BMIZ scores (n = 4) imputed with the median value of the cohort.
  5. dPost-hoc pairwise comparison resulted in significant difference between all 3 villages in the mean age.
  6. ePost-hoc pairwise comparisons: village C vs. village A (p < 0.001); village C vs. village B (p < 0.001); and village B vs. village A p = 0.825.
  7. fPost-hoc pairwise comparisons: village C vs. village A (p < 0.001); village C vs. village B (p = 0.03); and village B vs. village A (p = 0.157).
  8. gPost-hoc pairwise comparisons: village C vs. village A (p < 0.001); village C vs. village B (p < 0.001); and village B vs. village A (p = 0.9).
  9. h,iPost-hoc pairwise comparison: the mean father’s and mother’s schooling years village C vs. village B p = 0.002; p < 0.001, respectively); village C vs. village A (p < 0.001 for both), and village B vs. village A (p = 0.163; p = 0.550, respectively).
  10. jPost-hoc pairwise comparisons: village C vs. village B (p < 0.001), no significant difference between the other villages.
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