Fig. 1: Evolution of nylon bead-associated biofilms of Bt407 diversified into a distinct morphotype.

a Schematic representation of the bead-based experimental evolution setup. b Enhanced biofilm productions were revealed by CFU analysis of all final evolved populations compared with the ancestor (n = 6 biologically independent samples). Boxes indicate Q1–Q3, lines indicate the median, and bars span from max to min. Asterisks indicate significant differences between each group and the ancestor (****p < 0.0001; One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison tests). c Distinct colony morphotypes of the evolved variants were evidenced on the LB agar medium. N and FS indicate normal and fuzzy spreader morphotypes, respectively. Scale bars indicate 5 mm. d Bar plot represents the relative frequencies of the FS morphotype (n = 6). Line plot represents the average biofilm productivity along with the experimental evolution. Error bars and shaded area indicate the standard error of the mean in the bar chart and line chart, respectively.