Fig. 1: A. muciniphila inhibited the growth of F. nucleatum in the planktonic or biofilm state.
From: Akkermansia muciniphila inhibited the periodontitis caused by Fusobacterium nucleatum
a The amount of F. nucleatum when F. nucleatum and A. muciniphila were co-cultured. b The amount of A. muciniphila when F. nucleatum and A. muciniphila were co-cultured. c Formation of biofilms when F. nucleatum was cultured alone and co-cultured with A. muciniphila using electron microscopic scanning (SEM) (×1000 and ×5000), scale = 100 μm and 200 μm, AKK −: F. nucleatum cultured alone; AKK + : F. nucleatum co-cultured with A. muciniphila; D1, D2, and D3: biofilms formed by each group on days 1, 2, and 3; blue circle: A. muciniphila under SEM. Data are shown as the mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined by Student–Newman–Keuls test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ns not significant.
