Fig. 2: Metformin increased VB12 concentrations inside E. coli or B. ovatus via TonB or btuB upregulation, respectively. | npj Biofilms and Microbiomes

Fig. 2: Metformin increased VB12 concentrations inside E. coli or B. ovatus via TonB or btuB upregulation, respectively.

From: Bacteroides ovatus accelerates metformin-induced vitamin B12 deficiency in type 2 diabetes patients by accumulating cobalamin

Fig. 2

a, b Growth curves of E. coli or B. ovatus with metformin at different concentrations (3 technical replicates of 6 biological replicates for each group). c, d VB12 concentrations inside E. coli or B. ovatus with metformin at different concentrations (n = 9). e–g Relative mRNA abundances of TonB, metH and scpA in E. coli treated with metformin for 1 h (n = 5). h–j Relative mRNA abundances of btuB, metH and scpA in B. ovatus treated with metformin for 7 h (n = 5). P value determined by the Kruskal–Wallis test (b, e–h, i) and the one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s or Dunnett’s tests (c, d, f, g, j). All data are presented as mean ± SEM or mean ± SD.

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