Fig. 5: Low VB12 status induced AhR transcriptional activity and no significant change in VB12 absorption pathway in B. ovatus- colonized mice.

a Relative mRNA abundances of Ahr, its target gene Cyp1a1 in the liver (n = 5). b Western blot analysis (cropping of blot images) of hepatic AHR and CYP1A1 protein expression and the statistical graph (n = 3). c Volcano plot of significantly upregulated (red), downregulated (green) genes and non-significant (blue) genes in B. ovatus + MET and metformin group mice (n = 3). d Enrichment plots of vitamin digestion and absorption pathway enriched in Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), showing the profile of the running ES Score and positions of gene set members on the rank-ordered list (n = 3). e Relative mRNA levels of VB12 absorption and transport genes (n = 5). f Relative mRNA expression of folic acid absorption genes (n = 5). P value determined by the Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test (a, b), one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s tests (e, f) and Kruskal–Wallis test (e, f). All data are presented as mean ± SEM or mean ± SD.