Fig. 1: Direct Improvement of CVD.

a Bifidobacterium may function as an iron ion chelator to inhibit oxidation and oxidation reactions. It can activate the key genes in the antioxidant defense system, produce glutamic acid (GSH) to maintain the cellular redox state, and inhibit the production of pathogenic bacteria through the acidic environment. b Bifidobacterium has special molecular structures such as Serpins, villi, TgaA, and EPS that allow it to participate in specific immunomodulatory processes and cause anti-inflammatory activity. Its metabolite acetate can also stimulate the production of butyrate, which has anti-inflammatory effects, by cross-feeding as a substrate. c Bifidobacterium can act on intestinal epithelial cell junctions to maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier and inhibit LPS translocation; it can also protect the intestinal barrier from damage by controlling the production of TMAO, SCFAs and maintaining the abundance of intestinal microbial species. (The figure does not contain any third-party material, the figure and each of the elements in the figure were created by the authors).