Fig. 1: The antibacterial effect of nanospiked titanium against S. aureus over 24 h. | npj Biofilms and Microbiomes

Fig. 1: The antibacterial effect of nanospiked titanium against S. aureus over 24 h.

From: Vancomycin tolerance of adherent Staphylococcus aureus is impeded by nanospike-induced physiological changes

Fig. 1

a and b Schematic illustration of unmodified and nanospiked Ti samples. c and d The Ti surfaces before and after hydrothermal treatment, respectively. e and f S. aureus morphology following attachment to unmodified and nanospiked Ti surfaces, respectively. g Live/Dead fluorescence micrographs showing the accumulation of bacterial cell death on nanospiked Ti over 24 h. h FilmTracer™ SYPRO™ Ruby fluorescence micrographs showing the secretion of EPS over 24 h. i Quantified bacterial cell viability. j Biovolume generated from 3D z-stack fluorescence micrographs. k Quantification of EPS secretion using fluorescence intensity acquired from FilmTracer micrographs. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 ****P < 0.0001, n = 3, mean ± SD. Statistical tests were performed with Two-way ANOVA using Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests. Scale bars represent 1 µm for SEM images and 30 µm for fluorescence micrographs.

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