Table 1 Uniquely upregulated genes, from the unmodified Ti comparison, involved in the cell wall assembly, growth and division.

From: Vancomycin tolerance of adherent Staphylococcus aureus is impeded by nanospike-induced physiological changes

Genes associated with cell surface assembly and modification

Gene symbola, product

GeneID

Functional description

P

Dat

D-amino-acid transaminase

KQ76_RS08950

Catalyses synthesis of d-glutamate and d-alanine for peptidoglycan synthesis

0.023

murD

UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine--d-glutamate ligase

KQ76_RS05595

Catalyses the formation of the peptide bond between UDP-N-acetylehyl-l-alanine and d-glutamic acid

0.024

alr

Alanine racemase

KQ76_RS06790

Converts between l-alanine to d-alanine

0.028

Polysaccharide biosynthesis protein

KQ76_RS08970

Biosynthesis of polysaccharides for peptidoglycan and capsule formation

0.046

Undecaprenyl/decaprenyl-phosphate alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyl 1-phosphate transferase

KQ76_RS03675

Involved in biosynthesis and organization of cell wall

0.036

isaA

lytic transglycosylase IsaA

KQ76_RS13190

Hydrolysis of peptidoglycan during cell growth and division

0.042

lytM

glycine-glycine endopeptidase LytM

KQ76_RS01125

Hydrolysis of peptidoglycan during cell growth and division

0.029

amidase domain-containing protein

KQ76_RS13615

Hydrolysis of peptidoglycan during cell growth and division

0.024

CHAP domain-containing protein

KQ76_RS01150

Hydrolysis of peptidoglycan during cell growth and division

0.038

amidohydrolase family protein

KQ76_RS13245

Hydrolysis of peptidoglycan during cell growth and division

0.049

hom

homoserine dehydrogenase

KQ76_RS06420

Coordination of a metabolic pathway that leads to the synthesis of cell-wall components such as l-lysine and m-DAP, as well as other amino acids such as l-threonine, l-methionine, l-isoleucine

0.030

dltB

PG: teichoic acid d-alanyltransferase DltB

KQ76_RS04160

d-alanylation of teichoic acids

0.020

dltD

d-alanyl-lipoteichoic acid biosynthesis protein DltD

KQ76_RS04170

d-alanylation of teichoic acids

0.032

tarS

poly(ribitol-phosphate) beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase

KQ76_RS01020

β-O-GlcNAcylation of teichoic acids

0.034

mprF

bifunctional lysylphosphatidylglycerol flippase/synthetase MprF

KQ76_RS06595

Lysylation of phosphatidylglycerol

0.023

  1. All genes in the table were uniquely upregulated on the unmodified Ti surface, but not the nanospiked surface. The table includes gene symbols where available (italics), product name (as described by NCBI), GeneID (unique to NCBI reference genome database), functional description, and P-values.
  2. aGene symbols are provided for those which are specifically labelled in the reference genome of ATCC25923 on NCBI.
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