Fig. 3: Changes in microbial diversity and composition affected by spike-specific CD4+ T-cell response.

a Alpha diversity changes between individuals with high and low spike-specific CD4+ T-cell response (n = 90). b GraPhlAn plot depicting the significant changes in bacterial populations in the individuals with high or low levels of CD4+ T-cell response. c Differences in the richness of bacterial genus between the people with high and low CD4+ T-cell responses to spike protein within the HC and PLWH group via LEfSe analysis.