Table 1 Recent advancement in eLBP preclinical and clinical trials.

Papulopustular rosacea

Staphylococcus epidermidis ATR-04

Induce IL-8 secretion

Topical

Clinical phase 1b

NCT04731259, Azitra

Netherton

syndrome

Staphylococcus epidermidis ATR-12

Produce serine protease inhibitor Lympho-epithelial Kazal-type related inhibitor

Topical

Clinical phase 1b

Azitra, Identifier

number pending

Chronic wounds: diabetic foot ulcer

Limosilactobacillus reuteri (formerly known as L.

reuteri)

Express CXCL12, reduce chemokine degradation

Topical

Clinical phase 1/2

NCT05608187, Ilya Pharma⁵³

Cutaneous wounds

Lactococcus lactis

Express CXCL12 in tandem with yellow light-emitting diodes therapy

Topical

Preclinical

⁵⁴

Cutaneous wounds

Lactococcus lactis

Hydrogel for wound dressing containing Synechococcus elongatus and CXCL12-expressing L. lactis

Topical

Preclinical

⁵⁶

Cutaneous/

Diabetic wounds

Lactococcus lactis

Produce vascular endothelial

growth factors

Topical

Preclinical

⁵⁹

Cutaneous wounds

Ovoid magnetotactic

MO-1

Eradicate S. aureus via magnetic hyperthermia

Topical

Preclinical

⁶³

Melanoma

Clostridium butyricum

Ablate tumor in hypoxia region through conjugated TPApy photosensitizer

Intratumoral

Preclinical

⁶⁵

Melanoma

Salmonella typhimurium

Interferon-gamma–induced therapy

Intradermal

Preclinical

⁷⁶

Melanoma

Salmonella typhimurium

Express radiation-sensitizing inhibin alpha gene

Intradermal

Preclinical

⁷⁷

Melanoma

Salmonella typhimurium

PD-1 knockdown with siRNA and pimozide drug therapy

Intradermal

Preclinical

⁷⁸

Melanoma

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Elicits tumor-specific T cells through ovalbumin peptides expression

Intradermal & Topical

Preclinical

⁷³

Melanoma

Escherichia coli

Secret HSulf-1 within, and anchor DOX-linked GLY nanoparticles on the surface

Intradermal

Preclinical

⁶⁷

Melanoma

Escherichia coli

Engineered OMV for TRAIL-induced apoptosis

Intradermal

Preclinical

¹⁶