Table 1 Performance of oral and intra-vaginal probiotics in regulating gastrointestinal and vaginal microbiota
Administration route | Experiment subjects | Intervention | Acting site | Outcomes | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral | Total 90 H. pylori-positive patients | All patients received triple therapy for 2 weeks before being administered either a probiotic or a placebo. Probiotic group received capsule (200 mg) of L. reuteri DSM 17648 strain supplement once daily. | Gastric lumen | Eradication rate: Probiotic 91.1% vs. Placebo 68.9%, p = 0.007. Adverse headache: Probiotic 0% vs. Placebo 15.6%, p = 0.012. Abdominal pain: Probiotic 0% vs. Placebo 13.3%, p = 0.026. | Ismail et al.123 |
Oral | Total 100 H. pylori infected patients | All patients received 7-or 14-day bismuth-containing quadruple therapy with either a probiotic or a placebo supplement. Probiotic group received tablet (37.5 mg) of L. reuteri DSM17938 and L. reuteri ATCC PTA6475 strain BID. | Gastric lumen | 14-day eradication rate: Probiotic 96% vs. Placebo 88%. 14-day nausea and vomiting: Probiotic 6% vs. Placebo 26%, p = 0.002. 14-day abdominal discomfort: Probiotic 4% vs. Placebo 18%, p = 0.017. | Poonyam et al.119 |
Oral | Total 276 H. pylori-positive patients | All patients received Bifidobacterium Tetravaccine Tablets or placebo adjunct to 14-day bismuth-containing quadruple therapy. Probiotic tablets contain B. infantis CGMCC0460.1, L. acidophilus CGMCC0460.2, Enterococcus faecalis CGMCC0460.3, and Bacillus cereus CGMCC0460.4. | Gastric lumen | Gastrointestinal adverse events: Probiotic 23.6% vs. Placebo 37.7%, p = 0.016. Eradication rate: Probiotic 86.6% vs. Placebo 87.8%, p = 0.797. The relative abundance of Bacteroides was significantly reduced in the placebo group while restored in the probiotic group, accompanied by the enrichment of Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Bifidobacterium. | He et al.25 |
Oral | Total 741 H. pylori-infected patients | All patients received 10-day non-bismuth containing quadruple therapy with either a probiotic or a placebo supplement. Probiotic group received combined strains of L. acidophilus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, B. lactis, and Saccharomyces boulardii. | Gastric lumen | Eradication rate: Probiotic 92.0% vs. Placebo 86.8%, p = 0.028. Adverse effects: Probiotic 17.0% vs. Placebo 50.7%, p < 0.00001. | Viazis et al.162 |
Oral | Total 450 H. pylori infected patients | All patients received 10-day non-bismuth containing quadruple therapy with either a probiotic or a placebo supplement. Probiotic group received supplement of L. ruteri (100 mg) twice daily. | Gastric lumen | Eradication rate: Probiotic 78.7% vs. Placebo 72.0%, p = 0.126. Heart burn: Probiotic 15.1% vs. Placebo 51.1%, p < 0.001. Abdominal pain: Probiotic 13.3% vs. Placebo 38.7%, p < 0.001. Loss of appetite: Probiotic 12.9% vs. Placebo 60.0%, p < 0.001. | Mohtasham et al.163 |
Intra-vaginal | Total 250 non-pregnant women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis | All patients received 7-day standard metronidazole therapy BID with either a probiotic or a placebo supplement. Probiotic group received supplement of vaginal tablets containing L. rhamnosus BMX 54. | Vaginal tract | 2-month restoration of vaginal microbiota: Probiotic 90.4% vs. Placebo 79.2%, p = 0.014. 6-month restoration of vaginal microbiota: Probiotic 74.6% vs. Placebo 25.4%, p < 0.0001. 9-month restoration of vaginal microbiota: Probiotic 79.7% vs. Placebo 20.3%, p < 0.001. | Recine et al.164 |
Intra-vaginal | 5 women diagnosed with BV | All of 5 women applied with vaginal microbiota transplantation from healthy women. | Vaginal tract | 4 of 5 achieved a long-term recovery from bacterial vaginosis with low Amsel criteria and alleviate from BV-related symptoms. One demonstrated an incomplete remission. All patients showed no adverse effects. | Lev-Sagie et al.165 |
Intra-vaginal | Total 90 women infected Trichomonas vaginalis with presence of BV | All patients first received 7-day metronidazole therapy BID with either a probiotic or a placebo supplement. Probiotic group received supplement of L. rhamnosus Lcr35. Both groups received probiotics for next 7 days. | Vaginal tract | Overall recover rate: Probiotic 88.6% vs. Placebo 42.9%. Day 8 presence of T. vaginalis: Probiotic 6.8% vs. Placebo 47.6%. Day 15 presence of T. vaginalis: Probiotic 11.4% vs. Placebo 57.1%. Day 8 presence of BV: Probiotic 9.1% vs. Placebo 38.1%. Day 15 presence of BV: Probiotic 9.5% vs. Placebo 63.6%. | Sgibnev et al.108 |
Intra-vaginal | Total 98 women diagnosed with at least two episodes of BV | All patients first received 7-day metronidazole therapy once a day. Patients then vaginally treated with either a probiotic or a placebo capsule for next 14 days. Probiotic group received supplement of L. crispatus IP 174178. | Vaginal tract | Recurrence rate: Probiotic 20.5% vs. Placebo 41.0%, p = 0.0497. Time to recurrence: Probiotic 3.75 ± 0.16 months vs. Placebo 2.93 ± 0.18 months, p = 0.0298. | Bohbot et al.134 |
Intra-vaginal | Total 117 women who had a BV with concomitant HPV infection | All patients first received standard therapy (metronidazole for 7 days or fluconazole for 2 consecutive days). Patients then vaginally treated with L. rhamnosus BMX 54 for either 3 months or 6 months. | Vaginal tract | Total HPV-clearance: Probiotic long-term group 31.2% vs. Probiotic short-term group 11.6%, p = 0.044. | Palma et al.135 |
Oral | BALB/c female mice and their offspring | Antibiotic group: Receive daily oral penicillin (31 mg/kg) for one week before the birth of offspring. Probiotic group: Same antibiotic treatment with daily L. rhamnosus JB-1 supplement (1×109 CFU/d). Control group: Regular water and food. After birth, analyses the GI phyla of offspring after 6-weeks normal feeding. | Gastrointestinal tract | In antibiotic group, the GI phyla in offspring demonstrated a significant increment of relative abundance of Firmicutes and Lachnospiraceae while a decrement of Bacteroidetes and Prevotellaceae comparing with probiotic group and control group. The results indicated that with probiotic supplement, the prior maternal GI dysbiosis can be restored in their offspring. | Leclercq et al.166 |
Oral | 4-week-old C57BL/6 J male mice | All mice first received cefixime gavage for 2 weeks and 16 s rDNA sequencing for GI microbiota. Probiotic group: Received probiotic cocktail treatment (L. plantarum, L. casei and L. rhamnosus) for next 4 weeks. Natural recovery group: Received normal food and water. | Gastrointestinal tract | After cefixime application, the general microorganism diversity is decreased. And the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Butyricicoccus and Parabacteroides were reduced in GI environment, while increased of Enterococcus. The restoration speed is significant faster in probiotic treatment group compared with natural recovery group. | Shi et al.167 |
Oral | Total 36 women with bacterial vaginosis | All patients first received 7-day metronidazole therapy BID. Patients then received either placebo or yoghurt supplement (containing L. crispatus DSM 22566, L. gasseri DSM 22583, L. jensenii DSM 22567 and L. rhamnosus DSM 22560) twice daily for 4 weeks. | Vaginal tract | Amsel score: Probiotic 4.0 vs. Placebo 2.0, p = 0.038. Discharge and odor: Probiotic 0.0 vs. Placebo 1.0, p = 0.001. Nugent score: Probiotic 5.5 vs. Placebo 3.0, p = 0.158. | Laue et al.168 |
Oral | Total 36 asymptomatic womendiagnosed with vaginal dysbiosis | All patients received orally probiotics supplement (L. acidophilus CBT LA1, L. rhamnosus CBT LR5, and L. reuteri CBT LU4) for 6 weeks | Vaginal tract | Patients with high Nugent score demonstrated significantly improved vaginal dysbiosis with enriched microbial diversity and Lactobacillus spp. colonization in vagina. | Ansari et al.138 |
Oral | Total 89 women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis and 93 women diagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) | All patients were treated with oral or vaginal probiotic capsules, or placebo capsules for 3 months. BV patients received L. crispatus DSM32717 and L. crispatus DSM32720. VVC patients received L. crispatus DSM32720, L. crispatus DSM32716 and L. crispatus DSM32718. | Vaginal tract | VVC patients with orally administrated probiotics demonstrated significantly improved two main symptoms (discharge and itching/irritation). | Mändar et al.139 |
Oral | Total 93 women diagnosed with VVC | All patients were treated with L. plantarum P17630 or placebo for 30 days for 3 treatment cycle (15 days on, 15 days off). | Vaginal tract | Patients with orally administrated probiotics demonstrated significantly improved Lactobacillary grade (LBG) score at day 45 (p = 0.000016) and day 90 (p = 0.001415) compared at baseline, suggesting the increased Lactobacillus species colonization. | Vladareanu et al.140 |
Oral | Total 48 women diagnosed with recurrent BV | All patients were treated with either probiotics (L. acidophilus GLA-14 and L. rhamnosus HN001) plus lactoferrin or placebo as adjunct to metronidazole for 7 days. | Vaginal tract | 6-months cure rate based on Nugent scores: Probiotic 83.3% vs. Placebo 20.8%, p < 0.001. 6-months overall cure rate without any symptoms: Probiotic 83.33% vs. Placebo 37.50%, p < 0.01. 6-months recurrent rate: Probiotic 29.17% vs. Placebo 58.33%, p < 0.05. | Russo et al.141 |
Oral | Total 172 women recently cured of recurrent BV | All patients were treated with either probiotics (L. crispatus LMG S-29995, L. brevis, and L. acidophilus) plus lactoferrin or placebo BID for first 7 days, and one times daily for next 8 to 120 days. | Vaginal tract | Recurrence rate: Probiotic 18.3% vs. Placebo 32.1%, p = 0.014. Time to recurrence: Probiotic 97.3 ± 26.7 days vs. Placebo 74.7 ± 27.7 days. | Reznichenko et al.109 |
