Fig. 3: Spatial dynamics of microbial network in different insect midgut compartment niches.

Co-occurrence network analysis of full dataset (n = 144) showing microbial network patterns differed among M1(a), M2(b), M3 (c) and M4 (d) sections of insect midguts. A connection indicates a strong (Spearman’s coefficient > 0.6) and significant (p < 0.01) correlation. The node size is proportional to the number of connections (i.e., the degree). The edge color represents the Spearman correlation, where green edges represent negative interactions and red edges represent positive interactions. Comparison of node-level topological features including the degree (e), closeness centrality (f), betweenness centrality (g) and eigenvector centrality (h) among the four midgut sections. Different letters indicate significance at the p < 0.05 level as determined by One-way ANOVA following LSD test for multiple comparisons.