Fig. 4: Supplementing Dubosiella newyorkensis prevents the rise of blood pressure in hypertensive mice.

A The changes in blood pressure (n = 10). B–D The changes in vasoconstriction and vasodilation-related factors, such as NO (B), ET-1 (C), and NO/ET-1 (D). E–G The changes in vascular endothelial active factors, such as EMPs (E), VEGF (F), and Ang1 (G). H–K The changes in immunity and inflammation-related factors, such as TNF-α (H), IL-1β (I), IL-6 (J), and sIgA (K). L–N The changes in the intestinal vascular barrier, such as NHE3 (L), DAO (M), and intestinal perfusion (N). The intestinal perfusion in the four groups (n = 3) was evaluated with laser speckle flowmetry, with red indicating high perfusion and high flux and blue indicating low perfusion and low flux. HS high-salt diet group, HS+Dubo high-salt diet with supplementary NYU-BL-A4 group, NO nitric oxide, ET-1 endothelin-1, EMPs endothelial microparticles, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, AngI angiotensin I, IL-1β interleukin-1β, IL-6 interleukin-6, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, sIgA secretory immunoglobulin A, DAO diamine oxidase, NHE3 Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger type 3. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined using t-test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001; ns, no statistical significance; n = 6–7.