Fig. 4: H. parainfluenzae inoculation improves oral microbial diversity and resilience in NOD mice. | npj Biofilms and Microbiomes

Fig. 4: H. parainfluenzae inoculation improves oral microbial diversity and resilience in NOD mice.

From: A human oral commensal-mediated protection against Sjögren’s syndrome with maintenance of T cell immune homeostasis and improved oral microbiota

Fig. 4

Since paired saliva samples (pre- and post-inoculation) were available from seven control mice, an additional seven paired saliva samples were randomly selected from H. parainfluenzae-inoculated mice. Saliva was then subjected to 16S ribosomal sequencing, with diversity computed based on amplicon sequencing variants (ASVs). Statistical significance was determined using the Mann-Whitney U test in non-paired analysis whenever not otherwise indicated. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was utilized for paired analysis within individual groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of paired changes between control and H. parainfluenzae-inoculated mice. A, B Species richness, evenness, and diversity of salivary microbiota in unpaired (A) and paired (B) analyses. C Venn diagrams depicting common and unique core ASVs. D Principal coordinate analysis utilizing Bray-Curtis distance showing compositional differences. The central point indicates the centroid of each group. Statistical significance was determined by PERMANOVA. E, F Within-group dispersion was evaluated by distance to the group centroid of principal coordinates. Unpaired (E) and paired (F) analyses. G Paired analysis on PC1. H. para: Haemophilus parainfluenzae, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.

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