Fig. 2: Time series variations of the reactor performance over the first 110 days of operation.

A COD removal efficiency, (B) concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate in the effluent, (C) gas partial pressure in the produced biogas, (D) actual Gibbs free energy changes (ΔG33′) of the overall reaction, (E) ΔG33′ of fermentation reactions of sucrose to individual fatty acids with Eq. (1–3), (F) ΔG33′ of syntrophic oxidation of fatty acids with Eqs. (4–7), and (G) ΔG33′ of methanogenic reactions with Eqs. (8), (9). The ΔG33′ values were calculated using actual concentrations under the conditions of pH = 7 and 33 °C. The equations used in this figure are listed in Table 1. The detailed calculation process is available at https://github.com/Chao-Jui/Time-varying-Microbial-Interactions.