Fig. 3: Association between Bifodobacterium longum subclades and host-exfoliated transcriptome and gut metabolome profiles.

Correlation network showing the relationships between B. longum subsp. infantis subclades, host colonocyte transcripts, and gut metabolites. Octagonal, circular, rectangular, and triangular nodes represent B. longum subclades, colonocyte transcripts, pathway names, and metabolites, respectively. Nodes connected to subclades are highlighted with a thick outline. Edges indicate significant Spearman correlations (p < 0.01 and |r | > 0.5; positive: blue and negative: red) between the residuals of species, transcripts, and metabolites, adjusted by a generalized linear regression model using feeding type, delivery mode and family history as fixed effects.