Table 2 Major human gut bacterial taxa known to include strains able to produce GUS enzymes^139,140,141

Phylum	Class	Family	Genus (species)
Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes)	Clostridia	Clostridiaceae	Clostridium (perfringens)¹⁴²
		Ruminococcaceae	Ruminococcus (gnavus)¹⁴³
		Lachnospiraceae	Faecalibacterium (prausnitzii)^66,143 Roseburia (hominis and intestinalis)⁶⁶
		Eubacteriaceae	Eubacterium⁶³
	Bacilli	Streptococcaceae	Streptococcus¹⁴²
		Lactobacillaceae	Lactobacillus (rhamnosus)¹⁴³
		Enterococcaceae	Enterococcus¹⁴²
		Bacillaceae	Bacillus¹⁴²
		Staphylococcaceae	Staphylococcus¹⁴²
Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes)	Bacteroidia	Bacteroidaceae	Bacteroides (vulgatus and fragilis)¹⁴⁴
Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes)	Bacteroidia	Tannerellaceae	Parabacteroides (merdae)¹⁴⁵
Actinomycetota (formely Actinobacteria)	Actinobacteria	Bifidobacteriaceae	Bifidobacterium (longum, pseudolongum, bifidum, angulatum, and breve)¹⁴⁴
Actinomycetota (formely Actinobacteria)	Actinobacteria	Corynebacteriaceae	Corynebacterium¹⁴²
Pseudomonadota (formerly Proteobacteria)	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriaceae	Escherichia (coli)¹⁴² Klebsiella¹⁴²
Pseudomonadota (formerly Proteobacteria)	Gammaproteobacteria	Moraxellaceae	Acinetobacter¹⁴²
Acidobacteriota (formerly Acidobacteria)	Acidobacteriia	Acidobacteriaceae	Acidobacterium (capsulatum)¹⁴⁶

Phyla are ordered from most to least abundant in the healthy human gut. Bacillota, accounting for >95% of gus-associated and >40% of bg-associated sequences in humans¹⁴⁷, is the key phylum associated with β-glucuronidase activity. A distinct phylogenetic subclass of GUS enzymes has been identified in phylum Bacteroidota, suggesting functional diversity and broader phylogenetic distribution than previously recognized¹⁴⁰.

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