Fig. 2: Schematic of IM-Net architecture for detection and segmentation of DCIS and schematic of DRDIN cell detection network.

a IM-Net architecture. Five inception blocks (IB) in the contracting path and five decoder blocks (DB) in the expanding path used to encode features along with spatial context with multiple inputs applied to the respective first three blocks. Inception blocks with batch normalisation performed on resized images generate feature maps from the convolution blocks (IB₁, IB₂ and IB₃). Resized image by a factor of 2 and 4 are represented as x/2 and x/4, respectively. Features from the convolution blocks were preserved and passed to the expanding path comprising decoder block with concatenate (C) and transpose convolution block (TC) as the basic units that aid to preserve crucial low-level information for DCIS boundary localisation. b DRDIN architecture has a dense cross-connection from the inception blocks (I1) in the encoder and the decoder path. Components of I1 comprises 3 × 3 and 1 × 1 kernel convolutional filters. In the encoder path, average pooling (AP) is used and the decoder path consisted of transpose convolution (TC), concatenate (C) layers.