Fig. 3: Lymphocyte clusters (LCs) within tumors.

a Cartoon illustrating density-based clustering algorithm (DBSCAN). LCs contain at least five lymphocytes within a circle with a diameter of 40 μm. b Figure illustrating LCs identified in a tumor sample from a poor outcome patient. Each color corresponds to a unique LC. Black points are isolated lymphocytes. c, d Tumor samples with heterotypic LCs (circled) and isolated lymphocytes from (c) poor outcome and (d) good outcome. Scale bar = 500 μm in (c) and 100 μm in (d). Green line is the pathologist’s outline of the tumor region. Color code: Nuclei (DAPI, dark blue), T cells (CD3⁺; green), B cells (CD20⁺; cyan), cytotoxic T cells (CD8⁺; yellow), regulatory T cells (FoxP3⁺, yellow), and cancer cells (Pan-cytokeratin cells; magenta in (c) and dark brownish red in (d)).