Table 3 Reported the altered mitochondrial markers under space or simulated microgravity.

From: The effects of real and simulated microgravity on cellular mitochondrial function

Molecular function enrichment

Species/target

Molecular class/term

Facility

Upregulation

Downregulation

Ref

A mitochondrial Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD)

Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Gene expression

SM

 

sod-3

102

Mitochondria-associated gene expression

Mice/ocular cell

Gene expression

Spaceflight

Bak1, Bcl2l1, Bid, Fxc1, Opa1, Pmaip1, Sh3gl, Slc25a13, Slc25a16, Slc25a17, Trp53, Tspo, Ucp1, Ucp2

Slc25a37

26

Intracellular mitochondrial genes

Human neural stem cells

Protein expression

SM

NRF1, NRF2, and Tfam,

 

103

Proteins in the mitochondrial respiratory chain

Mice/skeletal muscles

Protein expression

Spaceflight

Ndufs4, ATP6v1b2, Cox6c

Atp5b, Etfa, Coq6, Cox5a, Cox5b, Etfdh, Ndufa10, Nudfa9, Ndufa10, Nudfb9, Ndufb10, Ndufs1, Ndufs2, Ndufs3, Ndufv1, Ndufv2, Samm50

104

Other mitochondrial proteins

  

Spaceflight

 

Mfn1, Mtfp1

104

NADPH oxidase activity

Rat/arteries

Protein expression

SM

Nox2, Nox4

 

45

Kreb’s cycle

Human/osteoblasts

Protein expression

SM

 

ODO2, SUCB1, FUMH, SDHA, MDHM

57

Glycolysis

  

SM

LDHA, PGAM1

TPI1, G3P, ENOA

57

PPP

  

SM

6PGD

TKT

57

Ubiquinolcytochrome-c reductase activity

  

SM

UQCRC1, NQO1, CYB5R3

UCRI

57

Cytochrome c oxidase activity

  

SM

 

COX5A, CYB5A, COX6C

57

Antioxidant activity

  

SM

PRDX4, PRDX5, PRDX6, SODC

PRDX1, PRDX2, PRDX3

57

Oxidative stress-related genes

Human hair

Gene expression

Spaceflight

 

MnSOD, CuZnSOD, Nrf2, Keap1, GPx4

59

Glycolysis

Human embryonic brain

Metabolomic Profile

SM

Lactate levels

Glucose, pyruvate levels

46

TCA cycle

  

SM

Citrate levels, Aconitate, fumarate, malate levels

 

46

Enzyme activity

Rat cardiac and skeletal muscles

Gene expression

Spaceflight

Mdh, Cox

 

53

Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), glycolysis, and TCA proteins.

Rat hippocampus

Metabolomic profile

SM

Dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase, glucose phosphate isomerase, MDH1, NAD (soluble), oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) dehydrogenase (lipoamide), phosphofructokinase, muscle, phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (brain), and pyruvate kinase isozyme M2

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 2 (Ndufv2); ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V1, subunit B2 (Atp6v1b2); ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V1, subunit E1 (Atp6v1e1); and ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F6 (Atp 5j); glutamate dehydrogenase; and Complex I: NADH dehydrogenase, Complex III: Cytochrome bc1, and Complex IV: COX

23

Oxidative stress markers

  

SM

 

MDA and H2O2

23

NADPH oxidase family genes

Human Hodgkin’s lymphoma cells

Gene expression

SM

NADPH oxidase family genes (gp91-, p22-, p47-, and p67-phox)

ATPase (ATP1A1) and ATP synthase (ATP5A1)

64

Autophagy-related genes

  

SM

ULK1, ATG14, BECN1, and LC3

 

64

Phosphorylation

  

SM

ULK1, ATF4, Beclin-1, and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)

 

64

Inhibit autophagy

  

SM

LKB1 and activated AMPK

Bcl-2 family proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1

64

Mitochondrial proteins

Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC)

Protein expression

SM

 

MTCO, VDAC, and CYP D

54

Markers of autophagy

  

SM

LC3 B-II and p62

 

54

Marker of mitophagy

  

SM

BNIP3

 

54

Lipid oxidation

Rat cerebral arteries

Protein expression

SM

MDA

 

43

Antioxidant

  

SM

 

MnSOD and GPx

43

Mitochondrial protein/gene

Caenorhabditis elegans

Protein expression

Spaceflight

 

SDHA-1, GPD-3, PCK-1, GEI-7, ACO-2, CTS-1

105

TCA cycle

 

Gene expression

Spaceflight

 

pdha-1, C04C3.3, dld-1, cts-1, aco-1, aco-2, idha-1, idhb-1, idhg-1, idhg-2, idh-2, gei-7, dlst-1, dld-1, sdha-1, sdhb-1, mev-1, sdhd-1, fum-1, malate dehydrogenase 1 (mdh-1)

105

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