Table 2 Characteristics of “short-term intervention” studies.
Author (year) [reference] | Study design | Sample size (n) [males] | Population | Age (years) | Intervention type | Experimental protocol | Vibration platform | Interval measurement | Parameters | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tsung-Cheng & Zong-Yan et al.45 | Longitudinal study | 16 [16] | Inactive | 20a | RVE | 10 sets (each with 1 min WBV and 1 min rest) of intermittent static squat position (100° knee flexion) | Brand: BH YT18 (Taipei, Taiwan). Movement principle: NA. Frequency: 26 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 4 mm. | Pre- and post activity | Willebrand factor (vWF) levels | vWF: ↑ |
Betik et al.52 | Longitudinal study | 11 [5] | Adults | 33 ± 2b | WBV and RVE | 3 min of WBV | Brand: Galileo Fitness, Novotech (Pforzheim, Germany). Movement principle: simultaneous side-alternating. Frequency: 15 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 6-8 mm. | Pre, post activity and 3-min post-intervention recovery period | Femoral arterial blood flow and thigh muscle microvascular blood flow | Femoral arterial blood flow: ↑ Muscle microvascular blood flow: ↑ |
Jawed et al.37 | Randomized control trials | 11 [11] | Young and old | 24–55c | WBV and RVE | Three activities: (1) 8 × 60s (120 s rest) standing only on a vibrating platform (WBV), (2) 8 × 60s dynamic leg squats exercise (sq) (RE), and (3) 8 × 60s dynamic leg squats on a vibrating platform (RVE). Subjects squatted to 90° knee flexion. 15 repetitions of leg squats per bout (120 repetitions total). Subject carried an additional 15% of their body weight to increase load | Brand: Power Plate my3 (Northbrook, IL, USA). Movement principle: vertical displacement. Frequency: 35 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 4 mm. | Pre- and post activity | Blood pressure, circulating stem/progenitor cell (CPC), mononuclear cells (MNC), plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6, (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokines. Blood count markers (hemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells) | CPC: ↑ in young VEGF: ↑ TNF-α: ↑ IL-6: ↓ IL-10: ↑ |
Santos et al.46 | Longitudinal | 21[0] | Healthy controls | 50 ± 10b | RVE | 8 × 40s squat exercise. 40s of each series, for a total of 5 repetitions each | Brand: Fitvibe, Gymna Uniphy NV (Bilzen, Belgium). Movement principle: vertical synchronous displacement. Frequency: 40 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 4 mm. | Pre- and post activity | Plasma oxidative stress markers, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), iron reduction capacity (FRAP), superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzymes activity (SOD), and catalase (CAT) | TBARS: ↔ FRAP: ↔ SOD: ↑ CAT: ↑ |
Chih-Min et al.41 | Crossover design | 10 [10] | Inactive | 21 ± 1b | RVE | 10 × 60s isometric squat position, with 1–2 min of rest between sets | Brand: BH YT18 (Taipei, Taiwan). Movement principle: NA. Frequency: 26 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 4 mm. | Pre-, post- and 15 and 30 min post-intervention | VEGF | VEGF: ↔ |
Karabulut et al.57 | Longitudinal | 8 [8] | Healthy | 23 ± 2.2b | RVE | 8 × 45s push up (elbows 110°) and 10x60s isometric squat (knees at 110° of flection) | Brand: Power Plate Pro5 Airdaptive (Northbrook, IL, USA). Movement principle: NA Frequency: 30 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: NA. | Pre- and 10 and 40 min post-intervention | Arterial stiffness (pulse wave analysis -radial artery), blood pressure (BP) | Arterial stiffness: ↓ |
Dipla et al.50 | Controlled trial | 12 [0] | Premenopausal lean controls | 32–42c | WBV | 6 min WBV. The control protocol was the same with no vibration. | Brand: Galileo Fitness, Novotech (Pforzheim, Germany). Movement principle: simultaneous side-alternating. Frequency: 25 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 6 mm. | Pre-, post activity and 4 min post activity | Beat-by-beat BP, systemic vascular resistance | BP: ↑ Systemic vascular resistance: ↓ |
Menendez et al.53 | Control randomized studies | 13 [13] | Physically active | 21 ± 1b | RVE | 10 × 60 s ON + 60 s off isometric squat position | Brand: Galileo Home, Novotech (Pforzheim, Germany). Movement principle: simultaneous side-alternating. Frequency: 26 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 5 mm. | Pre-, during and 5 min post activity | Popliteal arterial blood velocity | Popliteal arterial blood velocity: ↑ |
Robbins et al.66 | Longitudinal | 20 [12] | Healthy | 24 ± 3b | WBV | 5 × 60 s of vibration (60 s on 60 s off), standing position | Brand: Power Plate Pro6 (London, UK). Movement principle: vertical displacement. Frequency: 40 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 1.9 mm. | Pre- and every minute after each set and | Peripheral venous function, blood flow velocity in the dorsalis pedis artery, and blood pressure | Blood flow velocity: ↑ BP: ↔ |
Yarar-Fisher et al.51 | Longitudinal | 10 [10] | Healthy controls | 48 ± 8b | WBV | 3–6 min WBV | Brand: WAVE Manufacturing (Windsor, Canada). Movement principle: synchronous vertical displacement. Frequency: 30, 40 and 50 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: ∼ 2 mm. | Pre-, during and post activity | Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and Total hemoglobin (Thb) | MAP: ↔ Thb: ↑ |
Beijer et al.40 | Randomized control trial | 26 [26] 13 [13] only for RVE | Healthy | 26 ± 1b | RVE | The exercise consisted of squats and heel raises, 1-min break. The first and second sets were composed of 8 squats and 12 calf raises and in the third set, maximum number of repetitions for squats and calf raises were performed. Participants trained with weights | Brand: Galileo Fitness, Novotech (Pforzheim, Germany). Movement principle: simultaneous side-alternating. Frequency: from 20 to 40 Hz with increments of 5 Hz during the last two weeks. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 6 mm. | Pre- and 2–5– 15–35–75 min post activity | Circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) -2 and -9, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and endostatin. Proliferative effect of serum-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro | MMP-2: ↔ MMP-9: ↔ VEGF: ↔ Endostatin: ↔ |
Games & Sefton54 | Longitudinal | 14 [5] | Healthy | 22 ± 2b | WBV | 5 min WBV | Brand: WAVE Manufacturing (Windsor, Canada). Movement principle: synchronous vertical displacement. Frequency: 50 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 2 mm. | Pre- and 0–5–10 –15–20 min post activity. | Thb | Thb: ↑ |
Li et al.67 | Randomized trial | 12 [12] | Healthy | 26 ± 2b | WBV | 3 × 20 min WBV. Each at different intensities | Brand: NA Movement principle: vertical displacement. Frequency: 3, 4.5, and 6 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: NA. | Pre and post activity | Wavelet analysis of Thb (muscle oscillations) | Wavelet analysis of Thb: ↓ |
Robbins et al.68 | Controlled trial | 20 [14] | Healthy | 29 ± 10b | RVE | 10 × 15 heel raises at 1 Hz with and without vibration | Brand: Power Plate Pro6 (Northbrook, IL, USA). Movement principle: vertical displacement. Frequency: 40 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 1.9 mm. | Pre, during and post activity | Thb | Thb: ↓ |
Sanchez-Gonzalez69 | Crossover study | 20 [9] | Healthy | 22 ± 3b | WBV | 1 × 10 WBV or no WBV | Brand: NA Movement principle: NA Frequency: 25 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 2 mm. | Pre and after 3 min and 30 min after intervention | Radial waveforms, augmentation index (Aix). Brachial blood pressure. | Aix: ↓ BP: ↔ |
Boyle & Nagelkirik39 | Randomized control trial | 20 [20] | Healthy | 24 ± 1b | WBV and RVE | Each participant performed: exercise, vibration and vibration (15 min) + exercise. 15 min unloaded squatting at rate 20 per minute | Brand: Pineapple Pro (Hollywood, CA, USA). Movement principle: NA. Frequency: 30 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 1.5 mm. | Pre and post activity | Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1). | tPA: ↔ PAI-1: ↔ |
Coza et al. (2010)60 | Longitudinal | 16 [16] | Healthy | 26 ± 5b | RVE | The subjects were asked to repeatedly rise on their toes, from a normal standing position, at a rate of 40 repetitions per minute. Each subject performed 67 repetitions per trial (100 s in total) | Brand: Vibra Pro 5500, (Colton, CA, USA). Movement principle: vertical displacement. Frequency: 16 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 4 mm. | Pre-, during and post activity | total hemoglobin index (nTHI) | nTHI: ↑ |
Rittweger et al. 38 | Longitudinal | 10 [10] | Healthy | 29 ± 4b | WBV and RVE | Subjects performed WBV and dynamic shallow squatting exercise at comparable levels of oxygen uptake for 3 min | Brand: Galileo Fitness, Novotech (Pforzheim, Germany). Movement principle: simultaneous side-alternating. Frequency: 25 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 4-6 mm. | Pre-, during and post activity | tHb and VEGF | tHb: ↔ VEGF: ↔ |
Lytho et al.27 | Control trial | 9 [9] | Healthy | 22 ± 4b | RVE | 12 × 60s squatting with WBV and 2 × 60s squatting without vibration | Brand: Galileo 900, Novotech (Pforzheim, Germany). Movement principle: simultaneous side-alternating. Frequency: 5–30 Hz Peak-to-peak amplitude: 2.5-4.5 mm. | Pre-, during and at 5- 10- 15- 30- 45- 75- post activity | Diastolic pressure, systolic and diastolic diameters of common femoral artery and blood cell velocity | BP: ↔ Femoral artery blood flow: ↑ |
Hazell et al.23 | Randomized control trial | 11 [11] | Active | 25 ± 3b | WBV and RVE | 2 groups: 15 × 1 min seated on WBV device (passive) and standing in a semi-squat position (static) both with and without WBV | Brand: WAVE, Whole-body Advanced Vibration Exercise (Windsor, Canada). Movement principle: vertical displacement. Frequency: 45 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 2 mm. | Pre-, during and 2–5–20 min post activity | MAP, femoral artery blood flow | MAP: ↑ Femoral artery blood flow: ↑ |
Otsuki et al.55 | Control trial | 10 [10] | Healthy | 27 ± 2b | RVE | 10 × 60s static squat position with 60s recovery with and without WBV | Brand: Power Plate (London, UK). Movement principle: vertical displacement Frequency: 26 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 2–4 mm. | Pre-, 20- 40- 60- min after both trials. | Blood pressure, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (as index of arterial stiffness) | BP: ↔ brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity: ↑ |
Yue et al. 70 | Longitudinal study | 3 [3] | Healthy | 26–45c | WBV | Each vibration test lasted about 30 s with about 30 s rest in between. Each vibration test on Galileo and Power Plate was divided into two parts with different body modes: the subject was required to keep his body relaxed in the first 15 s, then to keep his body as stiff as possible in the next 15 s. Each vibration test on Bosco System was divided into three parts with different body modes: the subject was required to stand on tip-toes in the first 10 s, then on the full feet but being relaxed in the next 10 s, and then still on the full feet but being as stiff as possible in the third 10 s | Brand: Three different vibrating devices. Galileo (Novetec, Germany), Bosco System (Nemes, Italy), and Power Plate (Power Plate, Germany). Movement principle: simultaneous side-alternating and vertical displacements. Frequency: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: 1,2,3 mm. | Pre-, during and post activity | systolic blood pressure (sBP), diastolic blood pressure (dBP), mean blood pressure (mBP) | BP: ↔ |
Cardinale et al.59 | Randomized control trial | 20 [20] | Inactive and active | 25 ± 3b | RVE | Isometric squatting for 110 s | Brand: Fitwave, Medisport (Italy). Movement principle: NA. Frequency: 30, 40 and 50 Hz. Peak-to-peak amplitude: ± 4 mm. | Pre-, during and post activity | Thb | Thb: ↔ |
Yamada et al.58 | Control trial | 18 [18] | Healthy | 27 ± 6b | RVE | 3 min squatting with and without WBV | Brand: Galileo 900, Novotech (Pforzheim, Germany). Movement principle: simultaneous side-alternating. Frequency: 15 Hz Peak-to-peak amplitude: 2.5 mm. | Pre-, during and post activity | Changes in muscle thb. Blood pressure in 9 out of 18 sbjs | Thb: ↑ |
Kershan-Schindle et al.56 | Longitudinal | 20 [12] | Physically active | 25–35c | RVE | Each position was held for 3 min and the exercise was continued without break between the positions. First set: subjects stood with their legs straight and their forefeet parallel to each other on the platform. Second bout: entire feet standing on the platform and moderately bent knees (60–70°). Third set: same at position two but the legs were rotated externally by about 30° and the knee were bent by about 60–70° | Brand: Galileo 2000, Novotech (Pforzheim, Germany). Movement principle: simultaneous side-alternating. Frequency: 26 Hz Peak-to-peak amplitude: 3 mm. | Pre- and post activity | Blood pressure, relative moving blood volume of gastrocnemius, quadriceps, the arterial blood flow of the popliteal artery. | BP: ↔ arterial blood flow of the popliteal artery: ↑ |
