Fig. 10: Flexible electrochemical sensors for non-invasive sweat analysis.

a Common structure of flexible electrochemical sensors. b The tattoo biosensor used for monitoring of lactate in sweat. The graph shows the response of the lactate tattoo biosensors during the exercise. The insets exhibits the sensor attached to the skin and the three-electrode “NE” tattoo biosensor. c Schematic of the wearable sweat monitoring patch and the structure of the glucose sensor. d Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for monitoring chemical elements in sweat. e The system of sweat extraction and sensing platform and relevant electrodes (top) and schematic illustrations of the iontophoresis and sensing modes (bottom). f The microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat. b Reproduced with permission⁶⁵ (Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society). c Reproduced with permission⁵⁷ (Copyright 2017, the American Association for the Advancement of Science). d Reproduced with permission⁵⁹ (Copyright 2016, Nature Publish Group). e Reproduced with permission¹⁸⁸ (Copyright 2017, National Academy of Sciences). f Reproduced with permission¹⁸⁴ (Copyright 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science).