Table 1 Summary of FEs based on starch films.

Conductive film

Starch, graphene

9.7 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹

Modification of graphene

⁴⁸

Conductive film

Starch, SWCNT

10⁻³ S cm⁻¹

Substrate

⁶¹

Conductive film

Starch nanocrystals, GO

65.8 μS m⁻¹

Dispersing agent

⁶⁵

Conductive film

Starch, SCNT–PG–PEDOT

46 Ω sq⁻¹

Substrate

³⁸

Conductive film

Starch, ionic liquid

>10⁻³ S cm⁻¹

Substrate

⁵⁹

Conductive film

Starch, graphene

3.9 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹

Filler

⁶⁶

Conductive film

Mater-Bi, graphene

∼10 Ω sq⁻¹

Dispersing agent

⁷⁰

Conductive film

Starch, AuNP

<1.0 Ω sq⁻¹

Reducing and stabilizing agents

⁷¹

Strain sensor

Starch, egg white, Ag

<1.0 Ω sq⁻¹,

Substrate

⁸⁶

Gas sensor

Starch, CNT

Sensitivity enhanced

Functionalization of CNT

⁹⁷

Gas sensor

Potato starch, graphite flakes

10–1000 ppm

Functionalization of graphite

⁹⁸

Chemical sensor

Starch, GO, AuNP

1.5 to 22 μmol L⁻¹

Substrate

⁸⁷

Multifunctional sensor

Starch, porous carbon

Strain (GF = 134.2), temperature (25–90°C), pressure (0–250 kPa)

Substrate

³⁷

Supercapacitor

Starch, NaClO₄, glutaraldehyde

ESW~2.4 V

Electrolyte

¹⁰⁶

Supercapacitor

Starch, Ni quantum dots

Specific capacitance 1120 F g⁻¹

Assistant

¹⁰⁷

Nanogenerator

Starch, lignin

Power density 173.5 nW cm^-2

Electrode

¹¹⁹

Nanogenerator

Starch

Output voltage 11.2 V

Electrode

¹²⁰

Nanogenerator

Starch, cellulose

Output voltage 60-300 mV

Electrode

¹²¹

Nanogenerator

Starch

Output voltage 1.2 V

Electrode

¹²²

Nanogenerator

PDMS, starch

Output voltage ∼560 V

Electrode

⁴⁰

Transistors

Starch, glycerol

On/off ratio 2.6 × 10⁶

Ion-based gate dielectric

¹²⁸

Organic transistor

Starch, PVA, Ag

On/off ratio 6.9 × 10⁴–4.9 × 10⁵

Substrate

³³

Memristor

Starch, chitosan, Au, ITO

On/off current ratio ∼10³

Active layer

³⁵

Electrolyte membranes

Starch, glycerol, ionic liquid, urea

Ionic conductivity 6.2 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹

Proton exchange membrane

¹³⁵