Fig. 6: Mesh structured transparent electrode arrays for multimodal sensing and stimulation of neuro-dynamics.
From: Transparent neural implantable devices: a comprehensive review of challenges and progress
a Transparent microelectrode arrays based on an Indium Tin oxide (ITO)/metal grid hybrid (left), metal grid on an ITO film (inset top), metal grid on an ITO island (inset middle), metal grid (inset bottom), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of an ITO island with a metal grid (right). b Langendorff perfusion experiment setup for recording the electrophysiological signal and optogenetics simultaneously on the hearts of mice (left), and the recorded QRS complex with microelectrodes induced by blue light emitting diode (LED) (right). c Single cell in a transparent organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) array (left), and conformally contacted transparent OECT on a cortical surface of a transgenic rat, stimulated with a blue laser (right). d In vivo evaluation conducted with transparent and non-transparent OECTs, and recorded electrocorticography (ECoG) signals evoked with blue light stimulation depending on excitation intensities. e Illustration of a transparent multichannel Au/PEDOT:PSS bilayer micro-electrode array (MEA). f Microscope image of a bilayer MEA (top), SEM image of a bilayer nanomesh MEA (bottom). g Simultaneous electrophysiological recording (bottom) and two-photon imaging (top right) through an epicortical bilayer MEA on the visual cortex of mice. Panels a and b reprinted with permission from ref. 162, PNAS; panels c and d reprinted with permission from ref. 167, PNAS; panels e, f, and g reprinted with permission from ref. 25, AAAS.
