Fig. 4: Solar cell results of the fabricated devices.

a Representative illuminated J–V curves; b Relative total diffuse reflection of Mo into a SLG and Stainless-steel substrate; c XPS survey spectra of Mo based substrates without etch process, Mo_Ref, and with a BCl3 and C4F8 based etch process for substrate Mo_NIL and Mo_EBL, respectively are shown; d SCAPS fit to the EBL-SLG and NIL-SLG illuminated J–V curves presented in a.