Fig. 1: Illustrates the physiology and anatomy relevant to swallowing and its characterization.
From: Wearable, epidermal devices for assessment of swallowing function
a Depicts a sagittal cross-section of the oral to upper esophageal anatomy of the digestive tract (right) and a frontal plane depiction of the larynx (left) highlighting relevant anatomies. b Is a recreated figure showing the phases of the four-stage model for liquid swallowing (arrows were added to depict larynx and epiglottis motion). c Images of dysphagic videofluorscopy swallows showing penetration into the vocal folds (left) and aspiration (right). d A graphical representation of high-resolution manometry results with initial velopharyngeal vocalizations where the horizontal axis is time, the vertical is the relative location and the color scheme represents pressure. e A schematic depicting the visually examined placement of materials-enabled sEMG sensing electrodes (left) and proximal placements of the reference electrode, and mechanical sensors (right) with flexible or stretchable characteristics used in recent literature. The number of electrodes/sensors with similar placement (freq.) is shown in the tables adjacent to each panel. *Note LP: Laryngeal prominence. Panel b and c reproduced with permission2,70.
