Fig. 3: Overview of materials-based wearable strain gauges applied in swallowing examination.
From: Wearable, epidermal devices for assessment of swallowing function
a Epidermal strain sensors reacting to typical skin bending and tensile strains with the appropriate data acquisition systems connected to them. b–d Example strain-gauge schematics showing active materials and encapsulants with a sample swallow strain signal respectively. e PVA/ MXene-based capacitive sensor with sample signal expressing laryngeal motion in four stages. f Submental swallow activity monitoring using palladium nanoislands on graphene sensor, comparing dysphagic and non-dysphagic signal outcomes. g Comparative pictures, and corresponding plots demonstrating the effect of conformal adhesion on strain-gauge response. Panels b, e, f, g, reproduced with permission74,139,141,143 Panels c, d reproduced under Creative Commons (CC BY) license121,145.
