Fig. 4: Overview of materials-based pressure sensors and accelerometric sensors applied in swallowing examination.
From: Wearable, epidermal devices for assessment of swallowing function
a Typical epidermal pressure sensor reacting to compression caused by skin bending (left), and a mechano-acoustic/ accelerometric sensor reacting to skin motion and deformation. b Optical response from porosity diameter reduction (left) and capacitive response outputs in swallowing experiments demonstrate sensitivity to the consumed bolus volume (right). c A small profile piezoelectric swallowing pressure sensor based on AlN active material. Sensor outputs are shown to correspond with laryngeal motion and muscle activity signals. d Temporal parameters extracted from a piezoelectric array. e Reduction of resistance from pressure exerted during swallowing. f Mechano-acoustic sensor patch based on an IMU and a stretchable circuit geometry providing a non-obtrusive attachment and robust wireless data outputs. g Laser-induced graphene acoustic sensor, with distinctive signal outputs for various throat-related activities including swallowing. Panels b, d–f reproduced with permission73,152,154,158 Panels c, g reproduced under Creative Commons (CC BY) license155,163.
