Table 1 A categorical summary of epidermal swallow sensors enabled by recent developments in stretchable conductors and materials.
From: Wearable, epidermal devices for assessment of swallowing function
Sensing modality | Source | Year | Sensor location | Active materials | SNR | GF/sensitivity | Spatial resolution | Human subject experiments | Wireless (y/n) | Sensing mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EMG | Constantinescu et al., Med. Eng. Phys., 38, 807–812 | 2016 | Side (right) of the chin (targeting the right anterior belly of the digastric muscle) | 200 nm Au | 6.138 | - | One pair of sEMG sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Biopotential |
Nicholls et al., Second IEEE PerCom Workshop on Pervasive Health Technologies, 413–418 | 2017 | Side (left) along submental muscles | 300 nm Au | 21.4 | - | One pair of sEMG sensor | Proof-of-concept | Y | Biopotential | |
Lee et al., Sci. Rep. 7, 1–12 | 2017 | Laterally across submental muscles | 300 nm thick gold | 21.4 | - | One pair of sEMG sensor | Proof-of-concept | Y | Biopotential | |
Kim et al., Sci. Adv. 5, 1–10 | 2019 | Sides (left and right) along submental muscles | 9 µm Cu and 500 nm Au | - | - | Two pairs of sEMG sensors and a strain sensor | Proof-of-concept | Y | Biopotential | |
Kantarcigil et al., J. Speech, Lang. Hear. Res. 63, 3293–3310 | 2020 | Sides (left and right) along submental muscles | 9 µm Cu and 500 nm Au | 20.64 | - | Two pairs of sEMG sensors | Cohort study | Y | Biopotential | |
Polat et al., Adv. Sensor Res. 2200060 | 2023 | Laterally across submental muscles | PEDOT:PSS(1)-b-PPEGMEA(6) | - | - | One pair of sEMG sensor | Cohort study | Y | Biopotential | |
Wang et al. Sci. Adv. 6: eabd0996 | 2020 | Multi electrode array placed on the neck and upper chest | 100 nm Au | - | - | 16 channel sEMG patch | Proof-of-concept | N | Biopotential | |
Strain | Roh et al., ACS Nano 9, 6252–6261 | 2015 | Medially and horizontally near laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | SWCNTs embedded in PEDOT:PSS/PU complex | - | ~136.7 for 2.1% strain | One strain sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Piezoresistive |
Hwang et al., ACS Nano 9, 8801–8810 | 2015 | Medially and horizontally near laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | AgNWs embedded in PEDOT:PSS/PU complex | - | ~12.4 for 2% strain; ~1 for 10–60% | One strain sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Piezoresistive | |
Zhu et al., New J. Chem. 41, 4950–4958 | 2017 | Medially and horizontally near laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | CuNWs and WGPs | - | ~175,000 for 2.5% strain | One strain sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Piezoresistive | |
Ramirez et al., ACS Nano 12, 5913–5922 | 2018 | Horizontally side submental muscles | PdNIs on graphene | - | ~1 for 0.02% strain | One pair of sEMG sensor and one strain sensor | Cohort study | N | Piezoresistive | |
Polat et al., ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 4, 8126–8134 | 2021 | Medially and horizontally near laryngeal prominence | AuNIs/graphene/ PEDOT:PSS(“dough”) | - | ~17.5 for 0.001% strain | One pair of sEMG sensor and one strain sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Piezoresistive | |
Huang et al., Smart Mater. Struct. 27, | 2018 | Medially and horizontally below laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | GNPs and CB/SWCNTs | - | ~2 for 2.5% strain | One strain sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Piezoresistive | |
Zang et al., Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express 5, | 2019 | Medially and horizontally near laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | RGO | - | ~250 for 2.5% strain | One strain sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Piezoresistive | |
Zhang et al., Sensors (Switzerland) 17, 1–10 | 2017 | (Unclear) | ([EMIM][TFSI]) as the ionic liquid (IL) | - | ~560 for 2% strain | One strain sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Piezoresistive | |
Sun et al., Chem. Eng. J. 382, 122832 | 2020 | Medially and horizontally above laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | PAAm-oxCNTs | - | 1.5 between 0–250% strain range | One strain sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Piezoresistive | |
Wang et al., J. Mater. Chem. C 9, 575–583 | 2021 | Medially and horizontally near laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | PANI/ANF-PVA | - | ~40 for 5%strain | One strain sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Piezoresistive | |
Xu et al., Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 636, 128182 | 2022 | Medially and horizontally below laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | MXene nanosheets | - | 3.2 between 50–300% strain | One strain sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Piezoresistive | |
Joeng et al. NPG Asia Materials 9, e443 | 2017 | Medially near laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | Encapsulated liquid GaInSn | - | 2 for ~30% strain | One strain sensor | Proof-of-concept | Y | Piezoresistive | |
Wang et al., Adv. Funct. Mater. | 2021 | Medially and vertically over laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | RGO and CNT | - | 7.2 for 0–60% strain; 89 for 60-120% | One strain sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Piezoresistive | |
Kim et al., Sci. Adv. 5, 1–10 | 2019 | Medially and vertically above laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | Patterened Velostat, 3 M | - | Two pairs of sEMG and one strain sensor | Proof-of-concept | Y | Piezoresistive | ||
Polat et al., Adv. Sensor Res. 2200060 | 2023 | Medially and horizontally near laryngeal prominence | AuNIs/graphene/ PEDOT:PSS(“dough”) | - | ~17.5 for 0.001% strain | One pair of sEMG sensor and one strain sensor | Cohort Study | Y | Piezoresistive | |
Zhang et al. Adv. Electron. Mater. 5, 1900285 | 2019 | Medially and horizontally near laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | MXene/ PVA Hydrogel | - | ~0.4 for 200% strain | One strain sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Capacitive | |
Pressure | Kou et al., Sci. Rep. 9, 1–7 | 2019 | Medially near laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | NH4HCO3/Gr | - | 0.12 kPa-1 between 0–10 kPA | One pressure sensor | Proof-of-concept | Y | Capacitive |
Xia et al., Adv. Mater. Technol. 5, 1–8 | 2020 | Medially below laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | NIPAm/Bis/AAc | - | 10.1 kPa-1 for 2–40 Pa and 1.1 kPa-1 for 40–110 Pa | One pressure sensor | Proof-of-concept | Y | Capacitive | |
Maeda et al., IEEE 3rd Glob. Conf. Life Sci. Technol. 315–316 | 2021 | Medially near laryngeal prominence | Hetero-core fiber optic | - | - | One pressure sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Optical | |
Iizuka et al., J. Physiol. Sci. 68, 837–846 | 2018 | Medially above (0.5-1.0 cm) the laryngeal prominence | PVDF | ~75-100 | - | Five pressure sensors | Proof-of-concept | N | Piezoelectric | |
Natta el., ACS Sensors 6, 1761–1769 | 2021 | Medially above laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | AlN | - | 0.025 V/N | One pair of sEMG sensors and one pressure sensor | Cohort study | Y | Piezoelectric | |
Lee et al., Polymers (Basel). 13 | 2021 | Medially near laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | Au(Phen)Cl2+ ion with Au | - | 1.5 x e^-6 mV/kPa | One pressure sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Ionic polymer–metal composite | |
Guan et al. | 2021 | Medially near laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | MoSe2/MWNT | 0.24-0.35 kPa-1 | One pressure sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Piezoresistive | ||
Park et al. Adv. Mater. 29, 1702308 | 2017 | Medially below laryngeal prominence (by inspection) | PZT | 0.018 kPa−1 | One pressure sensor | Proof-of-concept | Y | Piezoelectric | ||
Mechano-acoustic | Tao et al., Nat. Commun. 8, 1–8 | 2017 | Medially near laryngeal prominence | Laser-induced graphene | - | 31 mV/Pa | One acoustic sensor | Proof-of-concept | N | Resistance |
Lee et al., Nat. Biomed. Eng. 4, 148–158 | 2020 | Over suprasternal notch | N/A | - | - | One IMU sensor | Cohort study | Y | Motion/Acceleration | |
Kang et al. NPJ Digital Med. | 2022 | Over suprasternal notch/over laryngeal prominence | N/A | - | - | Two IMU Sensors | Cohort study | Y | Motion/Acceleration |
