Fig. 4: Uses of a 3D pressure sensor for measurements on the surface of a phantom skin and artery connected to a cardiac simulator.

a Schematic diagram of the experimental setup, which consists of a pulse generator, two cylinders; right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV) and tubing to simulate the heart, blood supply, and blood vessels, respectively. b Photographs and schematic illustration of a phantom skin and artery made from silicone-based elastomers (Young’s modulus, 60 kPa for Ecoflex 00-30, and 2 MPa for silicon rubber) with a 3MIS sensor placed on the surface. c Continuous superficial pressure as a function of increasing pulse frequencies over a period of 120 s. d Pressure measured by a commercial sensor at the same frequencies over a period of 120 s. e Normalized pulse waveforms recorded by the 3MIS and reference sensor with varying amplitudes and pulse rates.