Fig. 3: XRD characterization.

a The thin films annealed in “+” bending state. b The thin films annealed in “−” bending state. SEM characterization. c Unbent, d +10 mm, e +7.5 mm, f −10 mm, g −7.5 mm annealed thin films. h The average grain size of thin films annealed in “+” bending state, i the average grain size of thin films annealed in “−” bending state.