Fig. 1: Cellulose nanofiber (CNFs)-based octopus-inspired architecture (OIA) imprinted electronics.

a Photographic image of the foreleg of Octopus vulgaris (left). Low magnification scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a single octopus sucker (top right, scale: 1 mm). b Schematic of the steel-use stainless steel (SUS) mold with octopus-inspired architectures (OIAs). c Schematic of CNFs-based OIA imprinted electronics (CNFs-OIAE) (bottom right). Low-magnification SEM images showing CNFs (top right, scale: 100 μm), a single OIA imprinted on CNFs (top left, scale: 500 μm), and an SWCNT-based conductive layer (bottom left, scale: 10 μm). d Schematic illustrating improvements in skin conditions (roughness, fine line, and pore) through the application of CNFs-based OIAE. e Schematic of the transdermal active ingredient delivery amplification mechanism in CNFs-based OIAE (scale: 1.5 mm). The mechanism involves the OIA providing conformal contact with the skin due to preload-induced structural behavior (left and middle), while the conductive layer facilitates microcurrent stimulation to enhance active ingredient delivery (right).