Fig. 1: Principle and application of PDA-AgNWs@SMAc artificial muscle dual energy fast actuation.

a The application of mining lunar soil by PDA-AgNWs@SMAc actuated lunar rover and robotic hand. b Schematic illustration of the synergistic effect and in situ coating for the PDA-AgNWs@SMAc. c Heating and cooling time under electrothermal. d PDA-AgNWs@SMAc under dual energy actuation. e Heating and cooling time under photothermal.