Fig. 1: Fabrication and characterization of the all-printed OECT.

a Schematic of the ultrasonic vibrated dispenser in the direct printer; Magnified view of the schematic of the all-printed OECT. b Schematic diagram and optical microscope image of the all-printed OECT. c–e Optical microscope images of AgNP, PEDOT:PSS, and hydrogel, respectively; the insets show the magnified views. f Schematic of OECTs that mimic the neural computing and memory functions of the human brain. g, h Transfer curve and pulse response of ion-rich OECT (10-layer electrolyte). i, j Transfer curve and pulse response of ion-deficient OECT (1-layer electrolyte).