Fig. 5: Demonstration of feedback control loop in an organic spiking neuron via closed-loop light control.

a Experimental setup showing the organic spiking neuron integrated with a VEML 7700 ambient light sensor and an Arduino Mega 2560 processor in a real-time feedback loop. The neuron modulates its output spike frequency based on ambient light intensity to control the luminance of an LED. b Dynamic response of the neuron under dark and bright environmental conditions. From top to bottom: recorded membrane voltage, generated action potentials. Under darker conditions, synaptic weight and spike frequency decrease, dimming the LED. Conversely, brighter conditions induce an increase in both, brightening the LED output.