Fig. 3: Implantable PENGs for cardiac energy harvesting and pacemaker powering. | npj Flexible Electronics

Fig. 3: Implantable PENGs for cardiac energy harvesting and pacemaker powering.

From: Advances in flexible piezoelectrics for wearable and implantable medical devices

Fig. 3: Implantable PENGs for cardiac energy harvesting and pacemaker powering.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a Schematic of an in vivo system where a flexible PENG harvests cardiac energy for wireless monitoring. b VOC, ISC and ECG signals of the implantable PMN-PZT-based PENG generated from the porcine heartbeat136. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons. c Structure of the implantable PENG, showing encapsulation, piezoelectric and elastic layers. d The implanted device is placed on the apex and connected to the pacemaker via a rectifier. e Pacing pulses from battery-powered vs PENG-powered pacemaker137. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. f–h Electrical performance of the ZnO-rGO/PVDF-based PENG: f Output energy measured across varying load resistances. g Charging curves of a 100 μF capacitor. Insets show a commercial pacemaker before and after lithium battery removal. h Pacing pulses are generated by the pacemaker, powered by PENG75. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2021, Elsevier.

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