Fig. 4: Ex vivo porcine skin validation of EC readout for quantitative iontophoretic delivery.
a Schematic of the ex vivo Franz-cell setup on porcine skin with the iontophoretic device connected in series to the WO3 EC gauge, with current recorded between the iontophoretic module and the EC gauge, and voltage recorded across the EC gauge, and sampling from the Franz-cell receptor reservoir. b Photograph of the ex vivo Franz-cell setup on porcine skin. c Electrical signals during self-powered, synchronized operation with the iontophoretic module and EC gauge in series: voltage across the WO3 EC module (black) and discharge current between the EC layer and anode (red). d Correlation between EC propagation distance and cumulative transdermal drug dose (n = 4, r = ~0.966).
