Fig. 5: Glass dissolution rate regimes.

Retreat of the silica–glass interface as a function of time, showing four different kinetic regimes. The given rates r2, r3, and r4 were obtained by a linear least-squares fit to the data. However, r1 was estimated considering that a ~90-μm-thick silica had already formed before the first image was taken. The glass retreat is given by the shift of the position of silica–glass interface compared to its position in the first image at t = 1.0 h. The undulation on the fitted position is an artefact of the mechanical x–y–z table. Errors bars reflect the two-sigma errors.