Fig. 2: Model validation and variable determination.

a A schematic illustration of the pencil electrode test with boundary conditions; b distribution of cation concentration in the electrode corrosion process at and at ; c comparison of predicted evolution of the interface position from diffusive interface simulations with the analytical solution for various \({\varepsilon }^{* }\) at a fixed \(\Delta {c}_{\text{l}}=0.78\); d comparison of predicted evolution of the interface position from diffusive interface simulations with analytical solution for various \(\Delta {c}_{\text{l}}\) at a fixed \({\varepsilon }^{* }=5\). e Comparison of present numerical results with experimental results38 and previous numerical results25.