Fig. 3: Surface morphologies with corresponding EDS spectra of alloys A, B, and C after 12 h of EIS testing in 3.5% NaCl.

a–c SEM images and corresponding EDS elemental mappings of alloys A, B, and C after 12 hours of EIS exposure. Aluminum, silicon, iron, and manganese are shown as green, blue, yellow, and orange distributions, respectively, revealing preferential corrosion around intermetallic particles. d–f Three-dimensional surface profiles illustrating localized dissolution depths for the three alloys.