Fig. 4: SEM images of alloy A, alloy B, and alloy C after potentiodynamic polarization test.

a–c Low-magnification SEM images showing penetration depths of approximately 42 μm, 53 μm, and 47 μm for alloys A, B, and C, respectively. The orange dashed line is parallel to the maximum depth of corrosion and the sample surface. d–f Higher-magnification images revealing that corrosion preferentially initiates near intermetallic particles and adjacent α-Al matrix regions, as indicated by red arrows.