Table 10 Neurotransmitters involvement in the NMS of PD pathophysiology
Domain | Description | DA | 5HT | NA | ACh |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cardiovascular dysfunction | ||||
Orthostatic hypotension | +++ | ||||
Black-out | ++ | ||||
2 | Sleep/Fatigue | ||||
EDS | ++ | ++ | |||
Fatigue | +/- | ++ | |||
Insomnia | |||||
REM behaviour disorder (RBD) | ++ | ++ | |||
RLS and periodic limb movements | +++ | ++ | |||
3 | Mood/ Apathy | ||||
Anhedonia | |||||
Apathy | ++ | ||||
Anxiety | +++ | + | ++ | ||
Depressed | + | ++ | + | ||
4 | Perceptual problems | ||||
Hallucinations | + | +++ | + | ||
Delusions | |||||
Double vision | ++ | ++ | |||
5 | Attention/memory | ||||
Attention deficit | +++ | ++ | |||
Memory deficit/ cognitive impairment | ++ | +++ | |||
Confusion | + | ||||
6 | Gastrointestinal tract | ||||
Dribbling | + | ||||
Dysphagia | + | ++ | |||
Constipation | + | ++ | |||
7 | Urinary | ||||
Urgency | +++ | ||||
Frequency | +++ | ||||
Nocturia | +++ | ||||
8 | Sexual dysfunction | ||||
Loss of libido | + | ||||
Erectile dysfunction | + | ||||
9 | Miscellaneous | ||||
PD-related pain | + | ||||
Olfactory dysfunction | +++ | ||||
Weight change | +++ | ++ | |||
Excessive sweating | + | ||||
