Table 3 Comparison of the current study with previous U.S. studies estimating the burden of Parkinson’s disease.
From: Current and projected future economic burden of Parkinson’s disease in the U.S.
U.S. PD burden study | Prevalence | Total cost | Per capita cost | Study design | Key data sources for prevalence, direct costs, & indirect/non-medical costs | Cost components |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current study | 1,040,000 (in 2017) | Direct: $25,348 M Indirect & non-medical: $26,509 M Overall: $51.8 B in 2017 | Direct: $24,439 (in 2017) Indirect & non-medical: $25,558 (in 2017) | Direct costs: calculated as the cost difference between a PD sample and a comparison group matched based on age, gender, race/ethnicity, and insurance; Indirect & non-medical costs: calculated using a PD-specific survey | Prevalence: 2011–2015 MEPS, 2015 MCBS Direct costs: claims data for both privately insured and Medicare populations Indirect & non-medical costs: comprehensive primary survey (The PD Impact Survey) | Medical & prescription drug costs, premature death, unemployment, absenteeism, presentism, social productivity loss, disability payments, informal & formal care, and non-medical expenses |
Kowal et al.8 | 630,000 (in 2010) | Direct: $8,064 M Indirect & non-medical: $6,327 M Overall: $14.4 B in 2010 | Direct: $12,805 in 2010 ($15,749 in 2017) Indirect & non-medical: $10,046 in 2010 ($12,355 in 2017) | Direct costs: estimated using national surveys and a cost-allocation approach. Indirect & non-medical costs: calculated mainly using NHIS with regressions | Prevalence: 2003–2008 MEPS, 2004 NNHS Direct costs: service-specific national survey data such as NAMCS or NHAMCS Indirect & non-medical costs: 2008 NHIS; the 2010 MetLife Survey of Adult Day Services | Medical & prescription drug costs, reduced employment, absenteeism, reduced household income, disability payments, adult day care, and misc household expenditure |
O’Brien et al.11 | About 500,000 (in 2007) | Direct: $6,246 M Indirect & non-medical: $4,568 M Overall: $10.8 B in 2007 | Direct: $12,491 in 2007 ($15,823 in 2017) Indirect & non-medical: $9,135 in 2007 ($11,572 in 2017) | Direct costs: estimated using health encounter data and a cost modeling approach. Indirect & non-medical costs: estimated using national surveys and published literature | Prevalence: Assumption made based on range provided in literature. Direct costs: healthcare encounter data from 6 states Indirect & non-medical costs: NHIS-D 1995, HHCS 2006–2007, Parrish et al.45, Whetten-Goldstein et al.6 | Medical & prescription drug costs, absenteeism (patient and caregiver), out-of-pocket expenses for in-home personal care, and Social Security death benefit |
Huse et al.12 | 645,000 (in 2002) | Direct costs: $6,675 M Indirect & non-medical costs: $16,335 M Overall: $23.0 B in 2002 | Direct: $10,349 in 2002 ($16,123 in 2017) Indirect & non-medical: $25,326 in 2002 ($39,457 in 2017) | Direct costs: estimated using regression adjusting for demographics and comorbidities. Indirect & non-medical costs: extrapolated from previous literature based on a PD-specific survey | Prevalence: Extrapolation from the EUROPARKINSON study Direct costs: Medstat Marketscan commercial and Medicaid claims data 1999–2002 Indirect & non-medical costs: Whetten-Goldstein et al.6 (the Duke Survey for PD N = 109) | Medical & prescription drug costs, productivity losses, informal and formal care, non-medical expenses |
