Table 1 Demographic and clinical data.

From: Probable REM sleep behavior disorder is associated with longitudinal cortical thinning in Parkinson’s disease

 

PD with pRBD (n = 18)

PD without RBD (n = 60)

p-valuea

Age at baseline, mean ± SD (range), years

64.9 ± 7.9 (52.8–82.3)

62.3 ± 7.2 (50.5–77.3)

0.321

Female, No (%)

2 (11.1)

26 (43.3)

0.013

Education, median ± IQR (range), yearsb

16.0 ± 4.0 (10.0–20.0)

16.0 ± 5.0 (8.0–22.0)

0.847

Months since diagnosis at baseline, median ± IQR (range)

3.0 ± 8.5 (0.4–23.7)

4.1 ± 7.2 (0.7–35.8)

0.236

MRI interval, median ± IQR (range), years

2.03 ± 0.17 (1.96–1.49)

2.01 ± 0.10 (1.75–2.34)

0.099

Accumulated LED, median ± IQR (range)c

152,062.5 ± 115,242.7 (0.0–385,000)

118,370.0 ± 170,822.8 (0.0–461,250.0)

0.174

Medication, No (%) at baseline/time 2b

Antidepressant

6 (33.3)/7 (38.9)

13 (21.7)/16 (26.7)

0.354/0.566

Beta blocker

5 (27.8)/4 (22.2)

7 (11.7)/8 (13.3)

0.134/0.457

Clonazepam

1 (5.6)/1 (5.6)

0 (0.0)/0 (0.0)

0.231/0.231

Melatonin

1 (11.1)/2 (11.1)

1 (1.7)/1 (1.7)

0.411/0.131

RBDSQ at baseline, median ± IQR (range)

8.0 ± 2.3 (6.0–12.0)

3.0 ± 3.0 (1.0–5.0)

<0.001

UPDRS-III

Baseline, median ± IQR (range)

19.0 ± 24 (6.0–38.0)

18.0 ± 11.5 (4.0–47.0)

0.660

Change, median ± IQR (range)

0.4 ± 8.7 (−8.8–22.6)

1.0 ± 5.7 (−7.5–12.0)

0.415

SCOPA-AUT

Baseline, median ± IQR (range)

11.0 ± 7.0 (6.0–27.0)

6.0 ± 5.0 (1.0–22.0)

0.002

Change, mean ± SD (range)

2.0 ± 1.7 (−0.9–4.8)

0.9 ± 1.9 (−3.6–5.6)

0.039

Montreal cognitive assessment

Baseline, median ± IQR (range)

27.0 ± 3.3 (20.0–29.0)

28.0 ± 2.8 (21.0–30.0)

0.142

Change, median ± IQR (range)

−0.5 ± 2.1 (−3.2–2.0)

−0.5 ± 1.5 (−4.3–2.5)

0.454

HVLT-R retention

Baseline, mean ± SD (range)

46.9 ± 7.8 (31.0–56.0)

45.9 ± 13.2 (20.0–67.0)

0.695

Change, mean ± SD (range)

0.6 ± 8.1 (−11.7–15.2)

1.6 ± 7.3 (−13.2–22.3)

0.599

HVLT-R recognition discrimination index

Baseline, mean ± SD (range)

27 ± 3.25 (20–29)

28 ± 2.75 (21–30)

0.112

Change, mean ± SD (range)

0.7 ± 9.8 (−18.6–17.4)

1.6 ± 6.4 (−15.3–17.5)

0.712

Semantic fluency

Baseline, mean ± SD (range)

48.2 ± 10.8 (22.0–66.0)

52.7 ± 9.0 (35.0–76.0)

0.077

Change, mean ± SD (range)

−0.8 ± 4.9 (−8.7–10.4)

0.9 ± 4.2 (−7.5–10.8)

0.195

Letter number sequencing

Baseline, mean ± SD (range)

10.5 ± 3.3 (4.0–15.0)

11.7 ± 2.7 (5.0–19.0)

0.132

Change, mean ± SD (range)

−0.5 ± 1.2 (−2.6–2.0)

−0.1 ± 1.5 (−4.0–3.2)

0.277

Benton judgment of line orientation

Baseline, mean ± SD (range)

11.5 ± 3.1 (4.5–15.5)

12.4 ± 2.9 (5.7–16.8)

0.250

Change, mean ± SD (range)

0.4 ± 1.4 (−2.3–3.6)

0.0 ± 1.6 (−5.7–4.0)

0.347

Symbol digit modalities

Baseline, mean ± SD (range)

42.1 ± 11.1 (22.5–58.8)

45.3 ± 7.0 (30.0–63.0)

0.269

Change, mean ± SD (range)

−1.5 ± 3.8 (−8.9–6.4)

0.6 ± 4.4 (−9.8–13.8)

0.068

Geriatric depression scale

Baseline, median ± IQR (range)

2.0 ± 1.0 (0.0–7.0)

1.0 ± 3.0 (0.0–13.0)

0.660

Change, median ± IQR (range)

0.5 ± 1.4 (−1.0–7.5)

0.0 ± 0.8 (−2.5–7.1)

0.238

State-trait anxiety inventory

Baseline, median ± IQR (range)

64.5 ± 16.0 (45.0–108.0)

57.0 ± 23.0 (40.0–108.0)

0.087

Change, median ± IQR (range)

4.7 ± 9.9 (−24.6–14.9)

0.2 ± 5.0 (−12.1–7.9)

0.017

  1. RBD rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, pRBD probable RBD; LED levodopa equivalent dose; RBDSQ RBD screening questionnaire, UPDRS-III motor section of the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale, SCOPA-AUT Scales for Outcomes in PD-Autonomic dysfunction, HVLT-R Hopkins verbal learning test-revised, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range.
  2. aVariables with mean ± SD compared via independent t-test and variables with median ± IQR compared via Mann–Whitney U test.
  3. bFisher’s exact test was used for the comparisons of the binary variables.
  4. cAccumulated LED during the follow-up year was calculated for each patient47.
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