Table 1 Baseline characteristics.

From: Cardiac sympathetic burden reflects Parkinson disease burden, regardless of high or low orthostatic blood pressure changes

 

PD (n = 227)

Normal 123I-MIBG (n = 69)

Abnormal 123I-MIBG (n = 158)

p value

Age, years, mean (SD)

69.6 (9.2)

68.9 (9.9)

69.9 (8.8)

0.445

Sex, female, n (%)

105 (46.3)

35 (50.7)

70 (44.3)

0.389

Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD)

23.7 (3.1)

23.4 (3.0)

23.9 (3.1)

0.310

Disease duration, years, mean (SD)

1.1 (1.0)

1.0 (1.0)

1.2 (1.0)

0.399

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

39 (17.2)

14 (20.3)

25 (15.8)

0.446

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

62 (27.3)

21 (30.4)

41 (25.9)

0.519

Hypertension, n (%)

95 (41.9)

27 (39.1)

68 (43.0)

0.661

Non-smoker, n (%)

222 (97.8)

68 (98.6)

154 (97.5)

1.000

UPDRS, total, mean (SD)

23.4 (11.9)

20.4 (11.1)

24.8 (12.0)

0.010

UPDRS Part I, mean (SD)

1.6 (1.4)

1.4 (1.3)

1.7 (1.4)

0.222

UPDRS Part II, mean (SD)

6.1 (4.1)

5.3 (4.0)

6.4 (4.1)

0.074

UPDRS Part III, mean (SD)

15.8 (8.6)

13.6 (8.0)

16.7 (8.7)

0.013

H&Y stage, median (IQR)

2.0 (0.0)

2.0 (1.0)

2.0 (0.0)

0.112

H&Y stagea

   

0.307

H&Y stage 1, n (%)

55 (24.2)

22 (31.9)

33 (20.9)

H&Y stage 2, n (%)

146 (64.3)

40 (58.0)

106 (67.1)

H&Y stage 3, n (%)

25 (11.0)

7 (10.1)

18 (11.4)

H&Y stage 4, n (%)

1 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

MMSE, mean (SD)

26.8 (3.0)

26.8 (3.4)

26.9 (2.9)

0.844

CDR, median (IQR)

0.5 (0.0)

0.5 (0.0)

0.5 (0.0)

0.812

Early H/M ratio, mean (SD)

1.58 (0.31)

1.96 (0.18)

1.41 (0.18)

<0.001

Delayed H/M ratio, mean (SD)

1.55 (0.37)

2.04 (0.16)

1.34 (0.18)

<0.001

Washout rate, mean (SD)

2.18 (8.37)

−4.87 (6.81)

5.25 (7.03)

<0.001

Supine SBP, mean (SD)

124.1 (16.5)

122.7 (17.2)

124.6 (16.2)

0.428

Supine DBP, mean (SD)

71.0 (9.1)

70.1 (9.0)

71.4 (9.1)

0.317

orthostatic ΔSBPmin, mean (SD)

10.6 (13.3)

5.3 (11.0)

12.9 (13.6)

<0.001

orthostatic ΔDBPmin, mean (SD)

2.8 (7.8)

0.4 (6.8)

3.8 (8.0)

0.002

orthostatic ΔSBPmax, mean (SD)

0.9 (13.5)

−3.3 (11.8)

2.7 (13.8)

0.002

orthostatic ΔDBPmax, mean (SD)

−4.3 (7.6)

−5.9 (6.9)

−3.5 (7.8)

0.030

SH, n (%)

20 (8.8)

8 (11.6)

12 (7.6)

0.321

OH, n (%)

52 (22.9)

7 (10.1)

45 (28.5)

0.002

OHT, n (%)

60 (26.4)

26 (37.7)

34 (21.5)

0.014

NMSS, total, median (IQR)

18.0 (30.0)

15.0 (23.0)

19.5 (33.5)

0.010

MADRS, total, median (IQR)

4.0 (7.0)

3.0 (5.0)

4.0 (7.0)

0.024

ESS, total, median (IQR)

2.0 (3.5)

2.0 (3.0)

3.0 (3.0)

0.012

PDSS2, total, mean (SD)

7.4 (6.8)

5.3 (5.2)

8.3 (7.2)

0.001

RBDSQ, total, mean (SD)

3.2 (2.6)

1.9 (1.5)

3.8 (2.7)

<0.001

SCOPA-AUT, total, mean (SD)

8.1 (6.7)

6.2 (5.7)

8.9 (6.9)

0.003

OHQ Part I, subtotal, median (IQR)

0.0 (9.0)

0.0 (4.0)

0.0 (10.0)

0.133

OHQ Part II, subtotal, median (IQR)

0.0 (7.0)

0.0 (2.0)

0.0 (8.0)

0.004

Global composite score, z, mean (SD)

0.0 (0.7)

−0.3 (0.5)

0.1 (0.7)

<0.001

Motor composite score, z, mean (SD)

0.0 (0.89)

−0.2 (0.9)

0.1 (0.9)

0.016

Sleep composite score, z, mean (SD)

0.0 (0.76)

−0.4 (0.5)

0.2 (0.8)

<0.001

Autonomic composite score, z, mean (SD)

0.0 (0.80)

−0.2 (0.7)

0.1 (0.8)

0.006

  1. The values of blood pressures are expressed in mmHg.
  2. Independent t-test or Welch’s t-test was conducted for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test was used for categorical variables. Non-normally distributed variables were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U tests.
  3. PD Parkinson’s disease, MIBG metaiodobenzylguanidine, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, H&Y Hoehn and Yahr, MMSE Mini-Mental Status Examination, CDR Clinical Dementia Rating, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, SH supine hypertension, OH orthostatic hypotension, OHT orthostatic hypertension, H/M heart-to-mediastinum, NMSS Nonmotor Symptoms Scale, MADRS Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, ESS Epworth Sleepiness Scale, PDSS2 Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale-2, RBDSQ REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire, SCOPA-AUT Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic, OHQ Orthostatic Hypotension Questionnaire.
  4. aFisher’s exact test was performed between H&Y stages and MIBG groups.
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